ferences in emphasis with respect to safe schools projects. In the early stages of this work,  there  is  a  need  to  emphasize  the importance of safe school environments. This kind of work deals directly with the most heinous (and still persistent) problems of school safety. But more extensive efforts at transformation, including curriculum transformation,  are  also  necessary  (as GLSEN advocates) to make schools safe places  for  all  learners  and  all  educators and staff. Of course, in doing this work, we need to recognize that, when sexuality is addressed directly, it may lead to conse- quences such as those in Massachusetts. Thus,  advocates  need  to  carefully  con- sider the institutional structure and mech- anisms  for  addressing  these  issues.  But safe schools advocates could also find com- mon cause with other progressives—civil rights activists, feminists, radical curricu- lum theorists, and progressive educators— who wish to see the functions of schools transformed. Making schools better places for GLBT youth is one piece of this pro- gressive agenda. Jyl Josephson is Associate Professor, Depart- ment of Politics and Government, Illinois State University. End Notes ¹Portions of this article are reprinted from Josephson, Jyl. 2003. “The Missing Children: Safe Schools for Some.” In Fundamental Differences: Feminists Talk Back to Social Conservatives, edited by Cynthia Burack and Jyl J. Joseph- son. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. Pp. 174- 182. Reprinted with permission of the publisher. ²For a discussion of the hidden curriculum, see Apple, Michael W. 1975. “The Hidden Curriculum and the Nature  of  Conflict.”  In  Curriculum Theorizing: The Reconceptualists,   edited  by William  Pinar.  Berkeley: McCutchan Publishing. Pp. 95-119. ³Webber,  Julie.  2003.  Failure  to  Hold: The  Politics  of School Violence.  Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Lit- tlefield Publishers. P. 158. ⁴One example is the response to AAUW reports regard- ing sex discrimination and sexual harassment in schools. For the latter report, see “Harassment-Free Hallways: How to Stop Sexual Harassment in Schools,” http://www.aauw.org/ef/harass. Accessed May 20, 2003. ⁵Irvine, Janice. 2002. Talk About Sex: The Battles over Sex Education in the United States.  Berkeley: University of California Press. ⁶Berlet, Chip, and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: The Guilford Press. P. 246. ⁷For documentation, see Human Rights Watch, 2001. Hatred in the Hallways. New York: Human Rights Watch. It should be noted that homophobic harassment, although it is more likely to be experienced by students who iden- tify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender, also happens to many heterosexually-identified students because of per- ceptions  regarding  their  sexual  orientation  or  gender identity. In the interests of full disclosure, readers should be aware that I serve as co-coordinator, along with Dr. Paula Ressler, of the Safe Schools Project, which is a proj- ect sponsored by the PFLAG affiliate chapter in Bloom- ington-Normal, Illinois. ⁸Perrotti, Jeff, and Kim Westheimer. 2001.  When the Drama Club is Not Enough: Lessons from the Safe Schools Program  for  Gay  and  Lesbian Youth.  Boston:  Beacon Press. P. 2. ⁹Safe Schools Coalition. 1995. They Don’t Even Know Me! Understanding  Anti-Gay  Harassment  and Violence  in Schools. Seattle: Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment.  www.safeschoolscoalition.org/theydon- tevenknowme.pdf. See also the website of the Coalition at http://www.safeschools-wa.org. ¹⁰Eisemann, Vanessa. 2000. “Protecting the Kids in the Hall:  Using Title  IX  to  Stop  Student-on-Student Anti-Gay Harassment.” Berkeley Women’s Law Journal. Vol. 15, no. 58. Pp. 125-160. ¹¹Chase, Bob. 2000. “Speech from 2000 GLSEN Con- ference”,  October  7.  http://www.glsen.org/tem- plates/resources/record.html?section=14&record=255. Accessed January 22, 2001. ¹²Harvey, Linda. “A Checklist to Assess Your School’s Risk for Encouraging Homosexuality.” See Citizen Link: A Web site of Focus on the Family at http://www.fam- ily.org/cforum/tempforum/A0015282.html. Accessed March 25, 2002. ¹³Sprigg, Peter S. 2001. “Defending the Family: Why We Resist Gay Activism.” Address delivered at Madison, WI. October 13. See http://www.frc.org/get/pd0111.cfm?CFID=922322&C FTOKEN=43478426. Accessed June 30, 2002. ¹⁴AFA    Resources.    It’s    Not    Gay description, http://www.afa.net/videos/ing.asp.  Accessed  July  2, 2002. ¹⁵See “Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Person- nel” available at the web site of PFLAG (Parents, Fam- ilies,   and   Friends   of   Lesbians   and   Gays)   at http://www.pflag.org. ¹⁶LaHaye, Beverly. “Chairman’s Desk.” FamilyVoice. Sep- tember/October 2001. http://www.cwfa.org/library/_ familyvoice/2001-09/04-05.shtml. Accessed June 30, 2002. It is notable that LaHaye is using the very statis- tics cited to argue for safe schools programs to construct GLBT identified youth as pathological. On this subject, see Lehr, Valerie. 1999. Queer Family Values. Philadel- phia: Temple University Press. ¹⁷Wong, Pamela Pearson. 2001. “Activists Rally Against NEA: Education lobby proposes pro-homosexual reso- lution.”  July  2.  http://www.cwfa.org/library/educa- tion/2001-07-02_nea-rally.shtml.  Accessed  June  30, 2002. ¹⁸Pacific Justice Institute. 2000. “California: Where the Worst is Happening.” November 16. http://pacificjus- tice.org/articles_9.html. Accessed November 6, 2001. ¹⁹Pacific  Justice  Institute.  2000.  “‘Homosexuality  in Schools’ Bill to Become Law in Four Days.” December 29. http://pacificjustice.org/pr122800.htm. Accessed November 6, 2001. ²⁰Foster, Julie. 2001. “Coalition helps kids avoid ‘homo- sexual  curriculum’.”  WorldNetDaily.   January  17. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp? ARTICLEID=21361.  Accessed  October  20,  2001. ²¹Smith, Warren. 2002. “Is It Time to Abandon Public Schools?” Agape Press Christian News Service.  June 7. http://headlines.agapepress.org/archive/6/72002ws.asp. Accessed July 2, 2002. ²²Robson, Ruthann. 2001. “Our Children: Kids of Queer Parents and Kids Who Are Queer: Looking at Sexual Minority Rights from a Different Perspective.” Albany Law Review. Vol. 64. Pp. 915-947. ²³Perrotti and Westheimer, op. cit., pp. 140-141. ²⁴McDuffie, Suzanne. 2000. “Parents Battle Homosexual Activism in Schools.” July 31. http://www.csfa.org/library/education/2000-07- 31_hs.shtml. Accessed June 30, 2002. ²⁵ Ibid. ²⁶ Dreher,  Rod.  2000.  “Banned  in  Boston:  Better  not complain about the gay agenda in Massachusetts schools.” The Weekly Standard, July 3-10. P. 16. ²⁷These materials are available on the CCV website at http://www.ccv.org. Accessed July 11,  2002. ²⁸Herman, Didi. 1997. The Antigay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. ²⁹Ibid., p. 57; The quotation is from Buss, Dale. 1993. “Homosexual Rights Go to School.” ChristianityToday. Vol. 37, no. 6. Pp. 70-72. ³⁰Herman, op. cit., p. 123. ³¹Neven, Tom. 2001. “The Wounded Spirit.” Focus on the Family  Magazine.  http://www.family.org/fofmag/ pf/a0017468.html. Accessed July 3, 2002. ³²Vitagliano, Ed. 2001. “What is a Family? New Video Introduces Kids to Same-Sex Couples.” AFA Journal. March 2001. http://www.afa.net/journal/march/homo- sexuals.asp. Accessed July 2, 2002. ³³Burack, Cynthia, and Jyl Josephson. “The Political Ide- ology of the Neo-Traditional Family.” Journal of Politi- cal  Ideology.  June 1998. Vol. 3, no. 2. Pp. 213-231. ³⁴Epstein, Debbie, ed. 1994. Challenging Lesbian and Gay Inequalities in Education. Philadelphia: Open University Press; Mac an Ghaill, Mairtin. 1994. The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling.  Philadelphia: Open University Press; Ferguson, Ann Arnett. 2000. Bad Boys: Public Schools in the Making of Black Masculinity. Ann  Arbor:  University  of  Michigan  Press;  Gilligan, Carol, Nona P. Lyons, and Trudy J. Hanmer, eds. 1990. Making Connections: The relational worlds of adolescent girls at Emma Willard School. Cambridge: Harvard Uni- versity Press. ³⁵Webber, op. cit. ³⁶Mills, Martin. 2001. Challenging Violence in Schools: An Issue  of  Masculinities.  Philadelphia:  Open  University Press. ³⁷Phelan, Shane. 2001. Sexual Strangers: Gays, Lesbians, and Dilemmas of Citizenship. Philadelphia: Temple Univer- sity Press; Warner, Michael. 1999. The Trouble with Nor- mal.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press;  Cohen, Cathy. 2001. “Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens.” In Sexual Identities, Queer Politics, edited by Mark Bla- sius. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Pp. 200-227; Jakobsen, Janet, and Anne Pelligrini. 2003. Love the Sin: Sexual Regulation and the Limits of Religious Tolerance. New York: New York University Press. The Public Eye THE PUBLIC EYE SUMMER 2003 9