⁶⁸Ibid. ⁶⁹Louis Beam, “Leaderless Resistance,” Inter-Klan Newslet- ter & Survival Alert, undated, circa May 1983, pages not numbered, on file at PRA. ⁷⁰Dobratz interview. ⁷¹Ibid. See also, Stephanie Shanks-Meile, “The Changing Faces  of  the White  Power  Movement  and  the  Anti- Racist Resistance,” in Betty A. Dobratz, Lisa K. Walder, and Timothy Buzzell, eds., The Politics of Social Inequal- ity, vol. 9 (2001), pp. 191-195. ⁷²John C. Green, James L. Guth, and Kevin Hill, “Faith and  Election: The  Christian  Right  in  Congressional Campaigns 1978–1988,” The Journal of Politics, vol. 55, no. 1 (February 1993), pp. 80–91; Christian Smith, with Sally Gallagher, Michael Emerson, Paul Kennedy, and David Sikkink, American Evangelicalism: Embattled and Thriving (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), pp.  75-84;  Richard  Morin  and  Scott Wilson,  “Men Were Driven to ‘Confess Their Sins’: In Survey, Atten- dees Say They Also Are Concerned About Women, Pol- itics” Washington Post, October 5, 1997, p. A1. ⁷³Val  Burris,  “Small  Business,  Status  Politics,  and  the Social Base of New Christian Right Activism,” Critical Sociology, vol. 27, no.1 (2001), pp. 29-55. ⁷⁴Nella Van Dyke and Sarah A. Soule, “The Mobilizing Effect of Social Strain: Explaining the Variation in Lev- els of Patriot and Militia Organizing,” (Annual Meeting of the ASA: Washington, DC, 2000). ⁷⁵Deborah Kaplan, “Republic of Rage: A Look Inside the Patriot Movement,” (Annual Meeting of the ASA, San Francisco, 1998) p. 33. ⁷⁶Christopher Mele, “The Militias Stand Up,”  Sunday Record, Middletown, NY, February 12, 1995. ⁷⁷Hans–Georg Betz, Radical Right–wing Populism in West- ern Europe (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 106. ⁷⁸Ibid., pp. 106-108, 174. ⁷⁹“Portrait of an Anxious Public,” article in special report on  “The  New  Populism,”  Business Week,  March  13, 1995, p. 80. ⁸⁰Susan J. Tolchin, The Angry American: How Voter Rage is Changing the Nation  (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996). ⁸¹Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class  (New York: Harper Perennial, 1989), pp. 144-195. ⁸²Catherine McNicol Stock, Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), p. ix. ⁸³Ibid., p. 148. ⁸⁴Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American His- tory (New York: Basic Books, 1995), p. 5. ⁸⁵Kevin Phillips, “The Politics of Frustration,” The New York Times Magazine, April 12, 1992, pp. 38–42, quote is from p. 41. See also, Kevin Phillips, Boiling Point: Repub- licans, Democrats, and the Decline of Middle-Class Pros- perity (New York: Random House, 1993); Kevin Phillips, Arrogant Capital: Washington, Wall Street, and the Frus- tration of American Politics (Boston: Little & Brown, 1994). ⁸⁶Peter  Fritzsche,  Rehearsals  for  Fascism:  Populism  and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany  (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); Peter Fritzsche, Germans into Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). ⁸⁷Susan Faludi, Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man (New York: William Morrow, 1999); Didi Herman, The Antigay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Linda Kintz, Between Jesus and the Market: The Emotions that Matter in Right-Wing America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997); Lee Quinby, “Coercive Purity: The Dan- gerous Promise of Apocalyptic Masculinity,” in Charles B. Strozier and Michael Flynn, eds., The Year 2000: Essays on the End (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp.154-165; Ferber, White Man Falling. ⁸⁸Durham, The Christian Right, pp. 24-42. ⁸⁹Daniel Junas, “The Rise of Citizen Militias: Angry White Guys with Guns,” CovertAction Quarterly (Spring 1995), online at http://www.publiceye.org/rightist/dj_mili.html. ⁹⁰Ted Arrington, quoted in Susan Ladd and Stan Swofford, “Patriot Aims/The Militias,” News & Record, Greensboro, NC, June 25-27, 1995, online edition. ⁹¹Ibid. ⁹²Michael Kimmel and Abby Ferber, “White Men Are This Nation:  Right Wing  Militias  and  the  Restoration  of Rural American Masculinity,” Rural Sociology, vol. 65, no. 4 (2000), pp. 582-604, quoted from conference paper. ⁹³Ibid. ⁹⁴Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War (New York: Henry Holt, 1997). ⁹⁵James William Gibson, Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Cul- ture  in  Post-Viet  Nam  America  (New York:  Hill  and Wang, 1994), ⁹⁶James William Gibson, “The Blast that Finished Off Militia  Culture,”  Los  Angeles Times,  May  13,  2001, online edition. ⁹⁷Ibid. ⁹⁸H. Bruce Franklin, M.I.A. or Mythmaking in America (Brooklyn, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992). ⁹⁹Gibson, Warrior Dreams, pp. 9-10, 161-165, 298-309; Philip  Lamy,  Millennium  Rage:  Survivalists, White Supremacists,  and  the  Doomsday  Prophecy  (New York: Plenum, 1996), pp. 85-89. ¹⁰⁰Stern,  A  Force  Upon  the  Plain,  pp.  137-162;  James William  Gibson,  “Is  the  Apocalypse  Coming? Paramilitary Culture after the Cold War,” in Strozier and Flynn, eds.,  The Year 2000,  pp. 180-189; Lamy, Millennium Rage, pp. 153-191; Berlet and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism, pp. 287-304. ¹⁰¹Pitcavage interview. ¹⁰²Akins, “God, Guns, and Guts,” p. 161 ¹⁰³Chip Berlet, “Dances with Devils: How Apocalyptic and Millennialist Themes  Influence  Right Wing  Scape- goating and Conspiracism,” The Public Eye, vol. 12, nos. 2 & 3 (Fall 1998); Susan DeCamp, “Locking the Doors to the Kingdom: an Examination of Religion in Extrem- ist Organizing and Public Policy,” in Eric Ward, ed., American  Armageddon:  Religion,  Revolution,  and  the Right (Seattle: Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment, Peanut Butter Publishing, 1998); Lamy, Millennium Rage; Charles B. Strozier, “Apocalyptic Vio- lence and the Politics of Waco,” in Strozier and Flynn, eds.,  The Year  2000,  pp.  97-111;  Michael  Barkun, “Racist Apocalypse,” pp. 190-205. For background on apocalypticism, see Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cam- bridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1992); Stephen D. O’Leary, Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Damian Thompson, The End of Time: Faith and Fear in the Shadow of the Millennium (Hanover, NH: Uni- versity Press of New England, 1998). ¹⁰⁴Pitcavage interview. ¹⁰⁵Lee Quinby, Anti-Apocalypse: Exercises in Genealogical Criticism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994);  Kimmel  and  Ferber,  “White  Men  Are This Nation;” Linda Kintz, Between Jesus and the Market, p. 257. ¹⁰⁶Barkun,  Religion  and  the  Racist  Right,  pp.  217-223. ¹⁰⁷Michael Barkun, “The Apocalyptic Other,” (Annual Conference, Center for Millennial Studies, Boston Uni- versity, November 4, 1997, online). Barkun expanded on this thesis in “Conspiracy Theories as Stigmatized Knowledge: The Basis for a New Age Racism?” in Jef- frey Kaplan and Tore Bjørgo, eds., Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture  (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998), pp. 58-72. ¹⁰⁸Pitcavage interview. ¹⁰⁹Nicholas N. Kittrie, Rebels With a Cause: The Minds and Morality of Political Offenders (Boulder, CO: Westview Press,  2000);  Nicholas  N.  Kittrie,  The War  Against Authority: From the Crisis of Legitimacy to a New Social Contract  (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). Kittrie observes that not all participants in social movements break laws or engage in violence, and that in democratic societies, such distinctions are important. ¹¹⁰Stephanie  L.  Shanks-Meile  and  Betty  A.  Dobratz, “Linkages of Hatred: Hierarchies of Oppression and Vio- lence  among  Contemporary White  Supremacists,” (Unpublished paper, n.d., on file at PRA). ¹¹¹The Liberty Lobby and its newspaper The Spotlight were closed through legal action resulting from a civil lawsuit filed by former affiliated organizations. The successor newspaper is the American Free Press. ¹¹²Joe R. Feagin, Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparation (New York: Routledge, 2001), pp. 139-140. ¹¹³Green interview. ¹¹⁴Ibid. ¹¹⁵Ibid.. ¹¹⁶Ibid. ¹¹⁷Ibid. ¹¹⁸Pitcavage interview. ¹¹⁹For a more extensive list of such groups see the resources section of the PRA website http://www.publiceye.org ¹²⁰Kazin, Populist Persuasion, p. 284. The Public Eye THE PUBLIC EYE SPRING 2002 22